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beans
These seeded pods of various LEGUMES are among the oldest foods known to humanity, dating back at least 4,000 years. They come in two broad categories-fresh and dried. Some beans, such as BLACK-EYED PEAS, LIMA BEANS and CRANBERRY BEANS, can be found in both fresh and dried forms. Fresh beans are those that are commercially available in their fresh form and are generally sold in their pods. The three most commonly available fresh-bean varieties are GREEN BEANS (eaten with their shell or pod) and lima and FAVA (or broad) BEANS, both of which are eaten shelled. Store fresh beans in a tightly covered container in the refrigerator up to 5 days; after that, both color and flavor begin to diminish. If cooked properly, fresh beans contain a fair amount of vitamins A and C; lima beans are also a good source of protein. Dried beans are available prepackaged or in bulk. Some of the more popular dried beans are BLACK BEANS, CHICKPEAS, KIDNEY BEANS, PINK BEANS and PINTO BEANS. Dried beans must usually be soaked in water for several hours or overnight to rehydrate them before cooking. Beans labeled "quick-cooking" have been presoaked and redried before packaging; they require no presoaking and take considerably less time to prepare. The texture of these "quick" beans, however, is not as firm to the bite as regular dried beans. Store dried beans in an airtight container for up to a year. The flatulence caused by dried beans is created by oligosaccharides, complex sugars that-because they"re indigestible by normal stomach enzymes-proceed into the lower intestine where they"re eaten (and fermented) by friendly bacteria, the result of which is gas (see DIGESTIVE ENZYMES). Dried beans are rich in protein, calcium, phosphorus and iron. Their high protein content, along with the fact that they"re easily grown and stored, make them a staple throughout many parts of the world where animal protein is scarce or expensive. See also ADZUKI; CANNELLINI; FERMENTED BLACK BEANS; FRENCH BEAN; GREAT NORTHERN; MARROW BEANS; MUNG; NAVY; PEA BEAN; PIGEON PEA; RED BEANS; RUNNER; SOYBEAN; SPROUTS; WHITE BEAN; WINGED; YARD-LONG.
kidney bean
Particularly popular for CHILI CON CARNE and RED BEANS AND RICE, this firm, medium-size bean has a dark red skin and cream-colored flesh. Its popularity can be attributed to its full-bodied flavor. On the downside, it"s an enthusiastic producer of flatulence. Unless you live in an area that grows kidney beans, you won"t find them fresh but will have to settle for the dried or canned forms. White kidney beans-referred to as CANNELLINI BEANS-aren"t favored with the robust flavor of their red cousins, and are only available dried or canned. The tiny, tender French kidney beans are called FLAGEOLETS and may be purchased dried, canned and, sometimes, frozen.
cannellini bean
[ kan-eh-LEE-nee ] Large, white Italian kidney beans, available both in dry and canned forms. Cannellini beans are particularly popular in salads and soups.
flageolet
[ fla-zhoh-LAY ] These tiny, tender French kidney beans range in color from pale green to creamy white. They"re rarely available fresh in the United States but can be purchased dried, canned and occasionally frozen. Flageolets are usually prepared simply, in order to showcase their delicate flavor. They"re a classic accompaniment to lamb.
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